리딩파워 유형편 14강

14강

1

Slang is actually quite difficult for linguists to find out about. You will have your local slang that you use in your school or in your town, and there’s no way I would ever know about it unless you told me what it was. Indeed, in your area you’ll probably have several different kinds of slang. The slang that kids use in primary school is likely to be different from what is used in secondary school. If your town has several schools, there are often differences in the kind of slang heard in each school. And there may even be words that are used differently within a single school. I once worked with a group of students in the final year of senior school, who listened out for the slang used in their school. They found that the slang used by first-year students was very different from their own.

 

2

Flipped Learning allows for a variety of learning modes. Educators often physically rearrange their learning spaces to support either group work or independent study. They create flexible spaces in which students choose when and where they learn. Furthermore, educators who flip their classes are flexible in their expectations of student timelines for learning and in their assessments of student learning. In the traditional teacher-centered model, the teacher is the primary source of information. By contrast, the Flipped Learning model shifts instruction to a learner-centered approach, where in-class time is spent exploring topics in greater depth. As a result, students are actively involved in knowledge construction as they participate in and evaluate their learning in a personally meaningful manner.

 

1

Ecotourists, when it comes to animals, prefer the ‘good’ and the funny, are in awe of the big, fascinated by the bad, but are not interested in the ugly or the dull. Creatures like dolphins and monkeys are seen as good perhaps because they are the nearest creatures to us in terms of intelligence. We also find them aesthetically attractive in the case of dolphins and funny in the case of monkeys, while elephants impress us with their size. We see creatures like snakes and lions as bad and evil killers, but they are still fascinating. However, no one is really interested in taking a trip to see wildlife which is seen as boring or ugly. No one goes tuna watching; we just want our supermarkets to ensure that when fishermen go hunting tuna, no ‘nice’ dolphins get caught in their nets! Ecotourists do not seem to want to spend good money to go and see pygmy shrews, anteaters or antelopes.

 

2

Obedience training involves teaching a dog to perform certain behaviors at a given signal from the handler. These behaviors may be as simple as sitting at the owner’s side or as complex as retrieving a selected object after dealing with a series of obstacles or barriers. The signals may be verbal or non-verbal or a combination of the two. Novice obedience instruction involves teaching the dog to respond to a verbal command and an accompanying hand signal. Later, as the dog learns, the spoken word can be eliminated. Some handlers have so expertly trained their animals that the dog responds to the slightest non-verbal signal, a roll of the eye or the slight flex of a finger. These signals may be imperceptible to the human audience, but are easily picked up by the trained dog whose full attention is focused on his owner.

 

3

One of the most frequent problems in groupwork is that not everyone puts the same amount of effort into the task. Group members may have a different work ethic or standards for the quality of their work, and this will probably result in different levels of commitment to the group work. While different levels of commitment to the task could be partly influenced by individual workloads, there are wider factors such as individual attitudes to study. Another aspect of the same problem, however, is where one member chooses to do more work than the others. An overeager member can be irritating to the other members who then reduce their commitment to the work leaving the overeager member to get on with most of the work. By taking on more than her fair share, the overeager member may eventually come to feel resentful with her increased workload, even if she volunteered for extra tasks. This will change the group dynamics and perhaps cause conflicts within the group.

 

4

Whenever a business wants to grow, it has to find investors, who are people that are willing to give the business the money that it needs. In return, the investors get a part of the business’ profits (if there are any). Somewhere along the way, someone got the bright idea to divide up a company into “shares” or “stocks”. Each share would represent a certain percentage of the profits. Men (called “brokers”) would gather in downtown New York City and sell these shares to interested investors. If the company did well and made a lot of profits, the shares would become worth lots of money, because they would pay the investors lots of money each year. Eventually, the brokers for these large companies moved their business into a building, and the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street was born.