2019수능특강 영어 14강 본문

 

2019수능특강 영어 14강.hwp

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Gateway

The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity.

 

The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. ( ① ) It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. ( ② ) The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. ( ③ ) But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. ( ④ ) A welltrained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. ( ⑤ ) A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.

 

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The problem, however, starts again when play becomes a profession - with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this entails.

 

Play is often discounted as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless. ( ① ) But this is a profound misunderstanding. ( ② ) Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity or convenience, but in order to freely express our being. ( ③ ) Musicians playing for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes playing for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no longer feel that they play to express their being. ( ④ ) Instead, they start feeling that their skill is being used by others for their own ends. ( ⑤ ) When that happens, instead of allowing for the free flow of consciousness,

even play becomes part of the iron cage.

 

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The worst of these, though, may be “theory” and “law,” which are almost polar opposites . theory being a strong idea in science while vague in common discourse, and law being a much more muscular social than scientific concept.

 

One facet of the nominal fallacy, the error of believing that the label carries explanatory information, is the danger of using common words and giving them a scientific meaning. ( ① ) This has the often disastrous effect of leading an unwary public down a path of misunderstanding. ( ② ) Words like “theory,” “law,” “force” do not mean in common discourse what they mean to a scientist. ( ③ ) “Success” in Darwinian evolution is not the same “success” as taught by Dale Carnegie. ( ④ ) “Force” to a physicist has a meaning quite different from that used in political discourse. ( ⑤ ) These differences lead to sometimes serious misunderstandings between scientists and the public that supports their work.

 

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During that lesson, students were seated tightly packed in their allotted squares for the duration of the period.

 

There is an optimal level of emotion that is necessary for increased learning. Too much or too little reduces the efficiency of the cortex. ( ① ) This is why movies, books, and music that trigger emotions are easily remembered. ( ② ) The best lessons in life or in a classroom make you laugh, think, or cry. ( ③ ) One of my high school teachers removed all the furniture from the classroom and taped small square dimensions on the floor that represented the amount of space a slave was afforded on the ships transporting them from Africa to America. ( ④ ) We struggled to make it through the entire period and wondered how slaves could be in similar positions for months. ( ⑤ ) My high school history teacher created an emotional experience that I remember vividly to this day.

 

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But as cities began to trade with one another and governments began to impose their rule over larger areas, the use of standards grew.

 

Standards are prevalent in our modern world because they reduce the costs of interactions among the firms and people that subscribe to them. ( ① ) Hence, it is not unexpected to see standards coevolve with markets. ( ② ) Many people are surprised to learn that only a few centuries ago simple measures of weight and volume, such as the pound and the pint, were not standard. ( ③ ) Even though the same word was used in different towns, the weight of a pound varied from town to town . sometimes by as much as a factor of four. ( ④ ) The coevolution of standards and markets is easy to understand, since anyone buying a bushel of corn from a vendor in another town would want that bushel to mean the same in both towns. ( ⑤ ) So the possibility of trade created an incentive for standardization, and helped the expansion of the governments that were keen on the use of standards.

 

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When the stars reach the end of their lives they explode and disperse carbon into space and on to the surface of planets and meteorites.

 

There is an interesting side to the evolutionary process that is illuminated by astronomy. The living organisms we now see all have their structure based upon the element carbon. ( ① ) Most biochemists believe no other basis is possible for life. ( ② ) But where does carbon come from? ( ③ ) Carbon originates in the centre of stars where at temperatures of millions of degrees it is ‘cooked’ from simple protons and neutrons. ( ④ ) However, the time needed to make carbon and other heavier elements, like nitrogen and oxygen, by this stellar alchemy is very long: nearly a billion years. ( ⑤ ) Only after this immense period of time will the building blocks of life be available in the universe, and only then can biochemistry take over.

 

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These results also hold for shelf display design in retail environments.

 

Even very subtle manipulation of object-orientation in an ad design can impact purchase behavior. Advertisers can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental simulation through their visual depictions of the product. ( ① ) They can do this simply by orienting a product (e.g., a cake with a fork) toward the right side. ( ② ) While this may not suit the smaller percentage of left-handers, the larger percentage of right-handers will have better mental product-interaction. ( ③ ) For example, a very slight change in display design of mugs in the window of a coffee shop could affect purchases with consumers imagining picking up that coffee mug and drinking from it. ( ④ ) Including an instrument (e.g., a spoon for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental simulation should also increase purchase intentions. ( ⑤ ) These consequences of visual depiction impact not just advertising design, but product packaging design and display design as well.

 

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When that happens, about 0.7 percent of the mass of the protons is turned into energy (E = mc2), and about 0.000000045 percent of that energy eventually comes flying in our direction in the form of sunlight.

 

The sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth, whether it’s used by grass in the fields, trees in the forest, or your car on the road. Though poets might prefer a more evocative comparison, astrophysicists liken the sun to a nuclear fusion reactor. ( ① ) Astronomers observe that the sun’s diameter is more than one hundred times larger than the earth’s, and it is unimaginably hot . nearly 15 million degrees Celsius at its center. ( ② ) Within that heat, the sun packs enormous pressure; the core is forty-three times denser than a diamond. ( ③ ) Under these extreme conditions four protons slamming together make one helium atom through nuclear fusion. ( ④ ) That doesn’t sound like a lot of energy, but it’s enough to power all life on earth, and more. ( ⑤ ) In fact, the energy in sunlight arriving on earth contains about twelve thousand times more energy than humanity uses in a year.

 

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Until recently, scientists didn’t think adults could grow new neurons; you just had to make do with what you were born with.

 

While our brains make up only 2% of our weight, they consume 20% of our energy. They are hungry for oxygen and glucose. This means they are dependent on good blood flow and good regulation of blood sugar. ( ① ) This is where exercise helps. ( ② ) Poor regulation of blood sugar, for example, is associated with smaller hippocampi - the brain regions responsible for laying down long-term memories. ( ③ ) Regular exercise will increase the amount of blood flowing through your brain, and improve the delivery of blood sugar. ( ④ ) This will help new neurons - brain cells - to grow. ( ⑤ ) But we can - and exercise helps this, as well as strengthening connections between existing neurons, improving long-term memories.