ebs 단기특강 유형편 15강 원문

ebs 단기특강 유형편 Day 15.hwp

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Day 15

기출

One outcome of motivation is behavior that takes considerable effort. For example, if you are motivated to buy a good car, you will research vehicles online, look at ads, visit dealerships, and so on. Likewise, if you are motivated to lose weight, you will buy low-fat foods, eat smaller portions, and exercise. Motivation not only drives the final behaviors that bring a goal closer but also creates willingness to expend time and energy on preparatory behaviors. Thus, someone motivated to buy a new smartphone may earn extra money for it, drive through a storm to reach the store, and then wait in line to buy it.

 

1

Social engineers are tactless predators often seeking to take advantage of people's emotions and sympathy after tragic events. Examples include phishing emails that pose as relief agencies asking for donations after events like the earthquakes in Chile, Haiti, and Japan or Hurricane Katrina. In fact, after Hurricane Katrina, it was reported that within weeks of the event, 4,000 phishing websites surfaced, each looking to deceive generous and thoughtful people through their charitable instincts. Other attacks seek to prey on human tragedies like the attack on the Twin Towers and the tragic events that took place in Norway in 2011. Whatever the case, malicious social engineers are heartless when it comes to making a quick dollar, and they will often go to great lengths to prey on people at times of greatest vulnerability.

 

2

As a counselor, I’ll never forget one busy holiday weekend when an attractive fortysomething woman came into a clothing store looking for an outfit to wear to a Christmas party. She must have tried on every item in the store before coming to the conclusion that “nothing worked” for her. Considering that everything in the store actually did work for her quite well, I knew that this general dissatisfaction had nothing to do with the clothing. After some questioning, I discovered that my customer was completely confused about her identity. Doubt and frustration poured out with her tears as she attempted to find answers. She did not know if she was old or young, mother or wife, modern or outdated, attractive or past her prime, and therefore she did not know what clothes worked for her. Although she eventually bought an outfit that day, she promptly returned it.

 

3

In a series of experiments, Fehr and his collaborators found that a significant proportion of people willingly repay gifts and punish individuals who violate fairness and cooperative norms, even under conditions where all the individuals remain anonymous, only a single round is played (so-called ‘one-shot’ games) and everyone is genetically unrelated. Anonymity and the one-shot nature of the games means that reciprocal altruism cannot be operating (individuals cannot recognize their opponents, and never meet them again anyway), whilst the lack of relatedness means these results cannot be explained by kin selection. Fehr has termed this behaviour strong reciprocity and defines its essential feature as a willingness to sacrifice resources both in rewarding fair behaviour and punishing unfair behaviour, even if this is costly and provides neither present benefit nor future economic rewards for the reciprocator.