2019수능특강 영어 Test2 본문

수능특강 영어 test2.docx

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1

Dear Dr. Jackson: Two colleagues and I have completed a survey of 500 staff nurses in long-term care throughout the United States. We asked about their knowledge and information needs regarding long-term care federal rules and regulations. A manuscript titled “Nurses’ Knowledge and Information Needs Regarding Long-Term Care Federal Regulations” is in process. The manuscript details the results of a survey sent to staff nurses in long-term care settings throughout the United States. The survey met rigorous review standards before use and had a return response rate of 44%. Interesting findings are noted. Overall, it was found that staff nurses are very knowledgeable regarding long-term care rules and regulations. Would you be interested in reviewing this manuscript? This manuscript is not under review by any other journal and is being submitted exclusively to you. Thank you for your time and support in this endeavor. I look forward to your response. Sincerely yours, Christopher Freeman

 

2

After all the glider pilots land, they stand on a platform to receive their awards. There are many photographers taking pictures. Rick and Gloria stand very proud. Butch is also very proud of his students. Butch has also brought a camera and is taking pictures of all the pilots. Butch’s friend brings everybody big hotdogs selling on the field. “Gosh, I’m hungry,” says Gloria. Rick also eats real fast. The first pilot that came in first place is awarded one thousand dollars and a beautiful big trophy. He makes a speech and says how proud he is to receive it. Gloria receives five hundred dollars and a tall, beautiful trophy. She also makes a speech and tells everyone how proud she is to have participated in the contest. She continues to say that she had no idea she would come in second place and that she feels very excited on how everything turned out. Everybody claps for Gloria.

 

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Start by realising that you must look after yourself first, otherwise you’ll be of no use to others—there’s a reason why airlines tell you to fit your own oxygen mask first in case of an emergency—if you’re not okay, you can’t hope to be of service and assistance to others. It’s not selfish, it’s essential to look after yourself first. You might start to do that by learning to say ‘no’ to unreasonable requests and demands on your time—and to do it guilt-free. That might take a little practice, especially if you’re someone who’s used to saying ‘yes’ to everything that’s asked of you. Next time you’re feeling overburdened by other people’s demands, don’t feel resentful of them for asking—you’re the one who said ‘yes’ and put yourself in the situation—and you’re the one who can change it by learning to say a guilt-free ‘no.’

 

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For a long period in human evolution, our ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers. Moving across plains and mountains to hunt game and gather nuts and berries was necessary to our survival. This means that our minds and bodies evolved in the setting of an active lifestyle. Physical activity seems to be programmed into our genes. But the amount of activity that young kids, adults, and senior citizens get today is usually well below what we are genetically predisposed to do. The consequences of a sedentary existence are evidenced by ill health in body and mind. Children who are more physically fit perform better on academic tests. Elderly people who are active have a lower risk and incidence of memory loss and loss of other important cognitive functions. Providing kids with opportunities to be active and to exercise helps sharpen their mental as well as their physical muscles. And a regular exercise regimen for adults helps prevent mental decline.

 

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The deal of a “job for life” in return for compliance has all but disappeared. For employers and employees alike, the challenge has become employability, with its paradoxical consequences: to attract and keep the best in the war for talent, employers offer future employees the opportunity to enhance their employability (competence, reputation, experience, etc.) and to be better equipped to find a job elsewhere. Extrinsic motivation factors, such as salary, health cover or security, are no longer the only parameters involved: intrinsic motivation factors, such as belonging, recognition, personal development and self-actualization, are moving up the priority list for the brightest and best. As new generations such as Generations Y and Z permeate the workforce, and take up positions of responsibility, they will reinforce the need for companies to consider the requirement for a sense of meaning in work, the need for trust and creativity, and the opportunity to become a creator in a context of collective responsibility. Failing this, they will simply go elsewhere, create their own start-ups, or go freelance.

 

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When older bees begin collecting nectar and pollen from outside the hive, their brains change, and not really for the better. For example, after they memorize the surroundings of the hive, they lose the ability to learn new things. Normally, they stay that way until they die. However, sometimes “normal” gets disrupted; for example, if a hive has to grow a new queen, there can be a month-long gap before any new bees hatch. Normally, that would mean the larvae from the new queen wouldn’t have young nursery workers available to take care of them, and they’d die. In that case, some of the field bees return to the nursery worker job. Here’s where it gets interesting: researchers from Arizona State University discovered that going back to larvae-rearing makes their old brains work again like young brains, restoring their mental agility and ability to learn.

 

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Mary Louise Booth was born on April 19, 1831, in Millville (present-day Yaphank), Long Island, New York. Her parents were William Chatfield Booth, a descendant of John Booth, who in 1652 took title to Shelter Island, off Long Island, and Nancy (Monsell) Booth, granddaughter of a French Revolutionary emigrant. Mary Louise was largely selftaught but was considered to be very intelligent; she was said to have read Plutarch at five and Racine at seven. Around 1845-46, she taught in the Third District School in Williamsburgh, where her father was principal. At age eighteen she moved to Manhattan, where she sewed vests during the day and studied and wrote at night. She published without pay until she became a paid reporter for the New York Times, writing on education and women’s topics. She became friends with Susan B. Anthony and joined the women’s rights movement, serving as secretary at the conventions in Saratoga, New York, in 1855 and New York City in 1860.

 

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Many containers of our canned soups, beans and soft drinks have been found to contain a controversial chemical called bisphenol A (BPA). This chemical can leak out of the can linings into your food. The plastics industry says BPA is harmless, but a growing number of scientists are concluding, through animal tests, that exposure to BPA raises the risk of certain cancers. Does the plastics industry have your health in their best interests? Most likely, not, so be careful and pay attention to the warning. Plastic water and baby bottles, food and beverage can linings and dental sealants are the most commonly encountered uses of this chemical. BPA has been found to leak from bottles. It moves from can liners into foods, soda, and even from epoxy resin-lined barrels into wine.

 

12

When a dog is trained to detect drugs, explosives, contraband, or other items, the trainer doesn’t actually teach the dog how to smell; the dog already knows how to discriminate one scent from another. Rather, the dog is trained to become emotionally aroused by one smell versus another. In the step-by-step training process, the trainer attaches an “emotional charge” to a particular scent so that the dog is drawn to it above all others. And then the dog is trained to search out the desired item on cue, so that the trainer can control or release the behavior. This emotional arousal is also why playing tug with a dog is a more powerful emotional reward in a training regime than just giving a dog a food treat, since the trainer invests more emotion into a game of tug. From a dog’s point of view, the tug toy is compelling because the trainer is “upset” by the toy.

 

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Zac ran up to his dad, Mike, as soon as Mike walked through the door. “How was your day, Dad?” he blurted out. Zac was a great kid but not the type who was always looking to butter up an adult. Mike looked at Zac with curiosity, surprised by his friendly and polite behavior. He wondered if everything was okay or if he was about to find out from his wife, Rachel, that Zac was in trouble. As he was about to push that thought to the side, Rachel walked into the room and filled him in on Zac’s cowardly deeds of the day. Zac and Mike both stood there listening to Rachel retell the trampoline story. Mike was more lenient about rough play, so he didn’t get quite as upset as Rachel had. Mike watched Zac out of the corner of his eye and could tell he was surprised at the detail Rachel was providing. At one point, he could see Zac shaking his head back and forth as if to silently say, “I didn’t do that or that or even that.”

 

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In a letter written in 1675 to Henry Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, Newton confessed that his eyes were “not very critical in distinguishing colors.” Once he saw eleven in the rainbow. Usually he saw only five—red, yellow, green, blue, and violet—until he looked again or, rather, until he stopped looking. There were seven musical notes in the diatonic scale. The world was created in seven days. And the rainbow was a sign of cosmic harmony, so it had to have seven colors—and Newton therefore added (saw?) orange between red and yellow, and indigo between blue and violet. Although Shakespeare in King John had said it was a “wasteful and ridiculous excess” to “add another hue/Unto the rainbow,” for Newton it was necessary to add two to those he had seen. Our seven-colored rainbow was born, though more as a child of faith than as one of science.

 

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Much of what we do each day is automatic and guided by habit, requiring little conscious awareness, and that’s not a bad thing. As Duhigg explains, our habits are necessary mental energy savers. We need to relieve our conscious minds so we can solve new problems as they come up. Once we’ve solved the puzzle of how to ballroom dance, for example, we can do it by habit, and so be mentally freed to focus on a conversation while dancing instead. But try to talk when first learning to dance the tango, and it’s a disaster—we need our conscious attention to focus on the steps. Imagine how little we’d accomplish if we had to focus consciously on every behavior—e.g., on where to place our feet for each step we take.

 

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In trying to show the adolescent how to express his feelings of disapproval in an appropriate fashion, I often use the following example. Let’s say I ask your opinion of my shirt. Suppose you really do not like it and think it looks terrible. Now, you could respond to me in several different ways. You could tell me, “That shirt looks like garbage. I wouldn’t even use it to wash my car.” Or you could say, “You must have been drunk when you bought that shirt. Nobody in his right mind would buy something like that.” Or you could just say, “I don’t care for that shirt.” The same thing has been expressed in three different ways.  the first two ways, I am going to read what you’re saying as an attack, and will probably attack back and not understand what you are saying. In the third expression of your feelings, I heard exactly what you said and now I have a better chance to respond appropriately.

 

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Desmond Morris, a British zoologist, notes in his book Catwatching that “the domestic cat is a contradiction!” Morris describes what he calls the animal's “double life.” He feels that domestication has changed the cat very little, that “both in anatomy and behavior it is still remarkably like the African wild cat from which it was gradually developed.” Biologist John Bradshaw points out that the cat “is neither a man-made species like the dog, nor simply an animal made captive for utilitarian purposes, like the elephant.” He later asserts that “in behavioural terms, domestication has probably had less effect on the cat than on any other domestic mammal.” Mildred Kirk agrees, offering the term “house cat” in favor of “domestic cat,” as the latter does not accurately describe the feline's nature. So people who encounter the cat in daily life may observe that the animal is both domestic and wild, or perhaps somewhere in between.

 

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Even before we enter the store, display windows, signage, and entrances all express the image of the store and begin to get a person thinking like a consumer. In Windows: The Art of Retail Display, Mary Portas suggests that “if eyes are the window to the soul, so shop windows reveal the soul of the store.” In trying to “turn a pedestrian into a customer,” the windows make a visual statement about the store and the character of its customers. The windows are a preview of the attractions inside, so they’re designed to catch the eye and, eventually, the rest of the customer. They capitalize on what’s current and trendy in American culture, and they appeal to our desires, both deep and shallow.

 

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When we’re depressed, play can seem like a foreign concept. Sometimes when I ask my depressed clients what they envision when I say the word play, they look at me with a blank stare. So I decided to conduct an experiment about play with a number of people I worked with, as well as some family and friends. It was simple: I asked them all what play meant to them. I found that many subjects I spoke with had a hard time conceiving what play is for grown-ups, because it’s different from child’s play, which was the only kind of play they knew. This finding relates to a common thought of play. In a culture that prizes productivity, adult play seems to be defined as a negative, unproductive, self-indulgent activity─or even something X-rated. I believe that we need to update our definition of play.

 

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Fear has a dominant role in the primitive hunting age, the agricultural age, the feudal age, the industrial age, the cyber age, the age of space, the age of atomic weapons, the age of virus, the fear age, and the fearless age. In the primitive age, people had simple weapons, but later, they invented guns made of metals. They invented such powerful weapons for protection from dangerous wild animals and other enemies. It was difficult to protect themselves from storms, thunderbolts, rain, hail, snow, and winter during that period. However, they didn’t have houses in the primitive age; they began to build houses to protect themselves from such disasters. Moreover, they constructed bridges and roads. They established industries. was a way towards production growth. They did all this for liberation from fear. Pleasure, secured freedom, and other amenities, thus, are selections by human beings.

 

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Once formed, oil and natural gas do not necessarily stay trapped in the source rocks of their origin. Instead, they can migrate in response to pressure differentials in the surrounding rock. To do so, the source rock must have tiny pores that create pathways for the oil and gas to travel. If the source rock is too fine-grained, then the petroleum material remains captured within the source rock. Often the rock above the petroleum source rock is saturated with water; in this case, the gas and oil, both being lighter than water, ascend. As a consequence, the typical migration route is upward or sideways, and it continues until the oil and gas encounter a barrier in the form of impermeable rock—rock that is too dense to contain the pores and pathways necessary for further migration. Because the gas is lighter than oil, it accumulates above the oil and just beneath the impermeable rock that constitutes a seal and prevents further travel.

 

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In 1890, Kodak introduced a cheap consumer camera that everyone could afford. This put the portrait studios out of business; the newly unemployed photographers needed a way to distinguish between what they did and this new popular photography. The movement of pictorialism was the response, with photographers attempting to imitate the artistic processes of painting; rather than reproducible photos, they worked directly on the negatives and other materials of the process. They presented their works in art galleries, next to paintings. The elements of an art world began to form: collegial groups called “photo clubs,” a journal called Camera Work, and shows and openings. However, art photography remained marginalized; there were no markets, buyers, or collectors, and museums were not interested in adding photos to their collections. Pictorialism eventually died out with the outbreak of World War I. An art form can’t survive without a market, places for display, and collectors.

 

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We know a great deal about the Sumerians’ maths, because, unlike the Egyptians, they didn’t use papyrus to record it (papyrus slowly rots away as the moisture in the air gets to it, so other than a few existing examples, most of the documents the Egyptians produced have perished). To record both their language and their mathematics, the Sumerians made marks in a piece of clay (using a wedge-shaped stick called a stylus), which then hardened in the sun. Fortunately, thousands of examples of their writing and mathematics have survived for us to study today, including shopping lists, business accounts, schoolwork, times tables and even mathematical research. Before the Iraq war, when tourism was still possible, you could buy ancient tablets inscribed with calculations and lists. All tablets, regardless of their size, could be bought for roughly the same price (about $5), so the sellers would break large samples into smaller pieces. The overall loss for historians is hard to calculate, but tragically sad.

 

24-25

For migrant yearlings, the habitat-selection process is somewhat different, and in this regard comparison with the process in residents is instructive. Resident-bird habitat selection is seemingly a straightforward process in which a young dispersing individual, pushed away from its birthplace by its parents and their neighbors, moves until it finds a place where it can compete successfully to satisfy its needs. Initially, these needs include only food and shelter. However, eventually, the young must locate, identify, and settle in a habitat that satisfies not only survivorship but reproductive needs as well. In some cases, the habitat that provides the best opportunity for survival may not be the same habitat as the one that provides for highest reproductive capacity because of requirements specific to the reproductive period (e.g., availability of safe nesting sites). Thus, individuals of many resident species, confronted with the fitness benefits of control over a productive breeding site, may be forced to balance costs in the form of lower nonbreeding survivorship by remaining in the specific habitat where highest breeding success occurs. Migrants, however, are free to choose the optimal habitat for survival during the nonbreeding season and for reproduction during the breeding season. Thus, habitat selection during these different periods can be quite different for migrants as opposed to residents, even among closely related species.

 

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In St. Mary’s Church at Lubeck in Germany, there were some ancient wall paintings which had deteriorated over the centuries. In 1948, Professor Dietrich Fey was given the task of sensitively restoring them to their former glory. Unfortunately, he seriously botched the job and ended up destroying them. The walls were left bare! Embarrassing though this was, it would probably have been best for the professor if he’d admitted his terrible mistake and moved on. Instead he had the brilliantly misguided idea of hiring an artist to paint some new pictures. Incredibly, he didn’t even ask the artist—Lothar Malskat—to try to make them look like the original frescoes. He let him paint what he liked so long as the pictures looked in keeping and suitably old! Using illustrations in an art-history book as a guide, Malskat painted away behind a screen for years (while everyone thought painstaking restoration was under way). In 1951, Professor Fey unveiled the fruits of ‘his work’. Art critics and historians alike were falling over themselves to praise these ancient paintings given new life thanks to his undeniable expertise ... but there were a few puzzling factors, the biggest being a turkey. One of Malskat’s much-admired pictures was of such a bird, but turkeys hadn’t been introduced to Europe—from the New World—until hundreds of years after these pictures were supposedly painted! Meanwhile, Professor Fey and Herr Malskat fell out over something or other, and Malskat broke his silence, announcing that he had painted the fresco. Amazingly, people seemed reluctant to believe him at first ... until he produced photographs of the blank walls after Fey’s accident! Only then did the so-called experts notice that the paints used were modern, as was the plaster under them! Not only that—and no chuckling, please—the faces of the saints included one of German film star Marlene Dietrich!!! Both Fey and Malskat ended up in prison and the walls in St. Mary’s Church, Lubeck, were stripped bare.