2019수능특강 영어 Test3 본문

수능특강 영어 test3.docx

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1

Dear Neighbor, The Forest Preserves of Winnebago County will be conducting spring prescribed burning from now through the end of April. Fall prescribed burning will be conducted from the beginning of October through the end of November. A prescribed burn is a management technique used by trained and experienced professionals to control unwanted vegetation. Burning is a very economical and efficient management tool in maintaining and preserving our natural plant communities. We have met all guidelines and training required by the State of Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and possess the required permits. Through the use of prescribed burning we can restore, preserve, and better manage our beautiful forests and prairies. If you need more information about the burn, please visit our website. You can find everything you need to know including notifications of when and where we are burning each day. Thank you for your cooperation. Michael Groves Natural Resource Manager

 

2

Aaron had searched every inch of the small cell and saw no possibility of escape. The vent down near the floor was about twelve inches across. If he managed to pry off the screen, he still couldn’t fit in there. Even if he was standing on the bed, he couldn’t reach the ceiling to feel for any loose panels. There was a weird metal panel on the wall near the door. It looked like some kind of drawer, but he couldn’t get it open. Having seen The Shawshank Redemption about five times, Aaron even checked behind the inspirational posters to see if someone had started digging a tunnel. But he was out of luck.

 

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We are social beings, and connection to something greater than ourselves, even if we’re simply thinking about it, gives us resilience and makes us feel safe, protected, and at peace. Psychologist Dennis Proffitt at the University of Virginia and his colleagues conducted an experiment to see what effect social connection would have on perception. They had some participants stand alone and estimate the slant of a hill, while others stood next to a friend or visualized a friend next to them. What he found was that when people were accompanied by a friend (or even just visualized being with a friend), they perceived the hill as being less steep. Inclining our minds in a prosocial direction creates connection and helps us to perceive our mountains as molehills—or at least small mountains instead of big mountains.

 

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According to the U.S. National Chicken Council, it takes just 2 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of chicken, but this is a live-weight figure. After slaughter, when blood, feathers, and internal organs have been removed, a 5-pound chicken won’t produce much more than 3 pounds of meat. That puts the grain-to-meat conversion ratio back up over 3 to 1, including bones and water. So the National Chicken Council’s own figures prove that, even with the most efficient form of intensive meat production, if we really want to feed ourselves efficiently, we’ll do much better to eat the grain ourselves than to feed it to the chickens. If it is protein, rather than simply calories, we are after, we’ll do better still growing soybeans. Although in the past some nutritionists claimed that animal protein is higher in “quality”—that is, in the balance of amino acids—than plant protein, we now know that there are no significant differences in the quality of protein between soybeans and meat.

 

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All of us have areas in which we readily learn. A few of us even seem to excel in limited areas with very little apparent learning—thus, the “natural” athlete, the musical “genius,” the “gifted” artist. All of us also have areas in which our abilities will never be more than average and a few areas in which we cannot seem to learn anything. Children, adolescents, and adults with learning disabilities have areas of strengths and average ability, too. These individuals, however, have larger areas, or different areas, of learning weaknesses than most people. Each person with a learning disability displays a different pattern of strengths and weaknesses. You must learn as much as you can about the whole pattern that your child displays—the disabilities, of course, but also the abilities. What your child can do, and may indeed do well, is just as important as what she or he cannot do, because it is these strengths upon which you must build.

 

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Most parents want to send their children to the best possible schools. Some workers might thus decide to accept a riskier job at a higher wage because that would enable them to meet the monthly payments on a house in a better school district. But other workers are in the same boat, and school quality is an inherently relative concept. So if other workers also traded safety for higher wages, the ultimate outcome would be merely to bid up the prices of houses in better school districts. Everyone would end up with less safety, yet no one would achieve the goal that made that trade seem acceptable in the first place. As in a military arms race, when all parties build more arms, none is any more secure than before.

 

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Michael Faraday, the father of Electromagnetic Induction, was born in 1791 at Newington, England. He was the son of a blacksmith and worked as an apprentice in bookbinding during his early years. He developed an interest in science after he attended some lectures given by Sir Humphry Davy in 1812. He sent his study notes to Davy with a request for a job. In 1813, he began to work as Davy’s assistant at the Royal Institution. One year later, he accompanied Davy on a European tour. This turned out to be a highly rewarding experience for the modestly educated young scientist. After his return to the Royal Institution, Faraday had to work hard, since he was the main source of income for the Institution, which was then facing financial problems. During this period, Faraday worked in the field of glass and steel. He performed many chemical analyses and investigated the chlorides of carbon for Davy. His work resulted in the discovery of benzene in 1825.

 

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Yes, a certain amount of centrally generated coal-fired power is necessary for Africa or South Asia in the immediate future. Green alternatives are not yet scalable. But if all 1.6 billion people without electricity today were to connect to a power grid based on coal or natural gas or oil, the climate and pollution implications could be devastating. When you think how much climate change we have already triggered with just three-quarters of the world using fossil-fuel-based electricity, imagine if we added another quarter. This is why we desperately need abundant, clean, reliable, cheap electricity—fast. The more we can bring down the price of solar, wind, or even nuclear energy, and safely get these technologies into the hands of the world’s poor, the more we can alleviate one problem (energy poverty) and prevent another (climate change and air pollution).

 

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An excellent example of the importance of making accurate predictions has to do with the Marshall Plan. After World War II, some staffers in the U.S. State Department had come up with a novel plan designed to avoid the depression that followed most wars. Quite simply, the plan was for the U.S. to give financial support to the European countries so they could get back on their feet economically. They wanted to call it the Truman Plan. When they suggested this to the President, he rejected the idea of using his name. He sensed that many members of Congress were hostile and would vote down a good idea because his name was associated with it. He recommended a different name: The Marshall Plan. If the original label had been used and Congress had defeated the measure, the world could very well have been worse off today.

 

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Now Sheila is trying to care for her mother. Her mother still lives in her own home, but Sheila needs to check in on her every evening. Sheila’s own children are now grown, and her husband helps her with her mother’s care as well. Sheila is finding that her mother really looks forward to Sheila’s evening visits and wants to hear all about her day. When Sheila says it is time for her to get home, Sheila’s mother begins complaining about her aches and pains and how she has been kind of down that day and she just doesn’t have much to do and never has any company. Sheila has learned to actively listen to what her mother is saying. She knows that she needs to empathize with her mother. She works hard not to deny her mother’s feelings—instead, she asks questions to help her better understand what her mother is saying to her. She has figured out that her mother doesn’t want her to leave.

 

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Money is frequently described as a symbol, but it is more accurate to say that money objects such as coins incorporate a specific type of symbol. The stamp on a coin typically consists of two parts that merge the ideas of power and number. The obverse or “heads”—which often features, for example, a portrait of the head of state—represents the mint’s authority, and the reverse or “tails” expresses the numerical value of the coin in chosen units. However, coins in Lydia were originally stamped on only one side, and for metaphorical convenience we can associate the stamp with heads and the physical matter with tails. Money functions as a link between these two things—the heads and the tails, the abstract idea and the embodied reality—which have very different properties.

 

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We’re sometimes unable to recognise people we’ve met, let alone recall their name. Most people take this as a sign that they have a bad memory. But this is probably not the case. Names can be a particularly hard thing to remember. For one thing, they are abstract and unconnected to the person; while Mr. Baker used to be a baker, today his name is not related to his profession. For another, we usually hear names only once when a person is introduced to us, and often we don’t even hear the name properly, but smile and shake hands anyway. Something commonplace, like a name, which is only encountered once, is unlikely to be stored as a strong memory. Finally, the worst possible scenario is being introduced to a large group of people at once. Any more than seven people at the same time and your short-term memory will be overloaded. Then there’s almost no chance you’ll remember them.

 

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Mobilizing popular support for policy change becomes much easier if a powerful image comes to symbolize the issue for the public. A brief history of the Cuyahoga River fire in Cleveland illustrates this process. When a short stretch of the Cuyahoga River caught on fire during June 1969, it was only the most recent fire on the river. It had caught on fire at least ten times during the preceding fifty years. Two weeks after the 1969 fire, Time magazine ran a picture of “the river on fire” on the front cover of its weekly edition, and the “river on fire” came to symbolize the terrible environmental conditions prevailing on the nation’s waterways. Given that we use water to douse flames, only an extremely polluted waterway could actually burn. The powerful symbolism encouraged a wide range of politicians to join Carl Stokes, then mayor of Cleveland, and his brother, Louis Stokes, a congressman from Cleveland, in working for the passage of the Clean Water Act by the federal government in 1972.

 

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It’s instructive to compare and contrast two greeting rituals: the handshake, currently the predominant greeting ritual in Western countries, and the hand-kiss, which was popular among European aristocrats in the 18th and 19th centuries (but which has since fallen out of fashion). Both are gestures of trust and friendship, but they differ in their political implications. Shaking hands is symmetric and fundamentally represents equality; it’s a ritual between supposed equals. Hand-kissing, however, is inherently asymmetric, setting the kisser apart from, and subordinate to, the recipient of the kiss. The kisser must press his lips on another person’s (potentially germ-ridden) hands, while simultaneously lowering his head and possibly kneeling. This gesture is submissive, and when it’s performed freely, it’s an implicit promise of loyalty. Even when the ritual is somewhat forced, it can send a powerful political message. Kings and popes, for example, would often “invite” their subjects to line up for public kiss-the-ring ceremonies, putting everyone’s loyalty and submission on conspicuous display and thereby creating common knowledge of the leader’s dominance.

 

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One of the most effective ways to calm down from stress is intimate contact with people you trust and feel comfortable around. When you are in the presence of soft voices, smiles, and familiar faces, your heart rate and breathing slow down, and your sympathetic nervous system cools off. According to a neuroscientist who has measured these changes, what the body craves most when you are upset is a familiar, predictable, and safe environment, in which you are surrounded by those you care for. This has been supported by other studies that examined the adjustment of first-year students, finding that stress is significantly diminished for those who have developed social support from friends. Interestingly, this does not apply to family during this critical year because one developmental task of beginning college students is to separate from older relatives.

 

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The evaluation of certain ways of saying something is closely associated with the social status of the people who speak that way. This valuing is not just an individual’s decision about the utterance: It is also the society’s evaluation of different groups, including their ways of speaking. As children are socialized, they learn these attitudes—sometimes unconsciously, sometimes through expressed regulations and rules—just as they learn eating behavior. They learn to eat peas with a fork instead of with a spoon or their fingers. The nutritional content of peas is the same regardless of how they eat them, and all three ways succeed in getting the peas into their mouths; but society socializes us into viewing one way as proper or correct and the other ways as unacceptable. In a similar way, the communicative effectiveness of I done it or I did it is identical, but we have been socialized into considering only one alternative as correct or proper and the other as incorrect or bad.

 

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Throughout the nineteenth century, many Americans grew a substantial portion of their own food on farms or in gardens. Small general stores catered to those who lived in small communities or who desired luxuries unavailable locally. Food was sold mainly as a generic product measured out from unmarked barrels, sacks, and jars. This changed as food production was industrialized. Following the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, food processors and manufacturers prospered as agricultural surpluses flooded the market and technology lowered the cost of production. The result was the rise of large food manufacturers, who needed to persuade consumers of the superiority of branded products over generic groceries. To accomplish this, food companies began advertising their products regionally and nationally through newspapers and magazines, and locally via circulars, billboards, and in-store promotions. Food advertising became a major source of American opinion and action regarding what, when, and how to eat.

 

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Language, being a strong tribal identity by nature, renders music also very tribal. One might argue that peoples’ language changes from culture to culture, and often, from one country to another. As peoples’ languages change, invariably their music also changes with it. This is why both music and language become a much stronger tribal identity compared to dancing or other arts. Thus, well-performed dancing from any culture is equally as pleasing to most audiences regardless of culture. However, people grow more keen on the sort of music they most naturally enjoy. Those who develop a more sophisticated understanding of music and enjoy a much wider variety of music might be an exception to this rule. Having said that, however, of all arts, most people are more intensely affected by their music than any other.

 

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Why was it that the part of the world that had the least to do with cotton—Europe—created and came to dominate the empire of cotton? Any reasonable observer in, say, 1700, would have expected the world’s cotton production to remain centered in India, or perhaps in China. And indeed, until 1780 these countries produced vastly more raw cotton and cotton textiles than Europe and North America. But then things changed. European capitalists and states, with startling swiftness, moved to the center of the cotton industry. They used their new position to ignite an Industrial Revolution. China and India, along with many other parts of the world, became ever more subservient to the Europe-centered empire of cotton. These Europeans then used their dynamic cotton industry as a platform to create other industries; indeed, cotton became the launching pad for the broader Industrial Revolution.

 

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Our senses grasp an infinitesimally small portion of reality, we assume. Further, our brain organizes the available sensory information or environmental stimuli in order to make sense out of millions of bits and pieces of data.  In other words, we perceive what we think we need to perceive and miss the rest of what is occurring. What we do observe becomes the material for our interpretation and judgment, both of which are affected by our emotional state. We ignore what we don’t want or enjoy, unless ignoring is impossible because of the strength of the stimulus. If a beggar’s pleading becomes so distracting and disturbing that we cannot ignore him, we may give him some money just to be free of him. Otherwise, if not seeing a beggar satisfies our desires, we ignore him, as though we didn’t see him. Later, we easily forget him, as though he never existed.

 

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The most obvious distraction while driving is looking away from the driving scene. Gazing at objects whose line of sight is far away from relevant locations has a potential risk that increases depending on the time a driver spends looking away from the traffic scene. The critical time spent looking away depends greatly on the traffic situation: half a second while following a car at a close distance on a winding road may be more critical than 2 seconds while driving on a straight, wide, and empty motorway. Nevertheless, distraction times over 2 seconds are considered unacceptable as general criteria for driving. Of course, you can be distracted even while keeping your eyes on the road. As a driver must prioritize where to search for relevant information, a bad choice of where to look is inefficient; successful visual scanning depends on expertise, expectations, and so forth. In addition, even while keeping your eyes on the road, cognitive activity can be a source of distraction, that is, current thoughts unrelated to driving or associated with the driving context and irrelevant at that precise moment. In the case of high cognitive load, this type of distraction may cause dramatic impairment, including preventing the further processing of a relevant visual input coming from a spatially well-oriented ocular fixation due to lack of attention. Missing the brake lights of the car in front or just being unable to react by braking while being involved in a complex thought are examples of looking without really seeing.

 

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At the time of the fire, Gilles had thirty-one horses occupying his stalls. When he saw the flames licking the stable roof, Gilles raced to the barn to try to free his horses. It took Gilles at least five minutes just to coax the first horse out, and he quickly realized he was facing tragedy. “Horses have a specific reaction to fire; they want to stay in the stall,” he says. “They’re afraid to move.” He feared he’d lose all the rest. His dog Popeye was with him. In fact, the dog was always watchful of his owner and of the horses, especially the young, nervous ones. This night was no exception. Gilles says, “I could tell Popeye knew how bad things were and wanted to do something. So I opened the next stall and told him, ‘Yes, you can help me! Go!’” Popeye didn’t hesitate. He ran into the stall and began biting the legs of a horse, which got it moving. Gilles quickly opened the next door, and Popeye repeated the effort, rushing in, biting legs, and chasing the horse out. In this way, in just about five minutes—the time it had taken Gilles to rescue a single animal—Popeye got seventeen horses out of the stable and onto safe ground. Fortunately, the last horse made it out before the roof collapsed, with Popeye biting its hooves. Popeye did what he had to do to save the animals,” Gilles marvels. “He burned his paws a little but that didn’t stop him.” Three of the horses had bolted as they left the barn. Later, Popeye went out and rounded them up—after the firemen had no luck getting them to turn back. “The horses knew Popeye. They trusted him. It was as if my dog knew the job wasn’t done. He had to complete the rescue,” Gilles says. Not long after the fire, with TV cameras rolling, Popeye was given an award for his bravery by the Quebec Association for Veterinarians. The huge dog lay calmly on stage as Gilles recounted his amazing behavior. And in 2014, Gilles managed to rebuild his stable and get his business up and running again. Though thirteen horses died in the blaze, the seventeen animals Popeye saved (plus the one that Gilles rescued) were enough to keep him going.