2019수능특강 영어독해연습 8강 TEXT

수능특강 영어독해연습 8강.docx

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The tension between peace and justice is especially apparent in the extreme case of tyrannical governments. Such governments use the state’s legal and political systems to violate fundamental economic, political, and social rights of subordinate groups. Therefore, these systems cannot be used effectively to obtain justice. Negotiation is similarly unlikely to be effective, as dominant groups will rarely voluntarily negotiate agreements that give them less power or resources than they currently have. Very often in such asymmetrical power situations, the subordinate group concludes that the only effective strategy for pursuing justice is violent confrontation. Yet violence tends to beget more violence. The cycle often escalates quickly to the point where the ensuing struggle becomes an even greater violator of fundamental human rights than the initial injustice.

 

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It is the scope and significance of the accommodation sector which is of interest to tourism analysts, not least because it often comprises the largest element of tourist expenditure during a trip (excluding visiting friends and relatives). More specifically, hotels provide a base for business travel, meetings and conferences and these are also lucrative, high-yielding business, with rooms being hired for meetings, and functions being provided along with entertainment. Both business travelers and leisure travelers staying in hotel accommodation have a higher tendency to spend while they are away than when they are at home. Therefore, hotels not only meet the visitor’s basic requirement—of shelter for the night—but also add value to the experience by providing ancillary services and products. Hotels also have the advantage that hosting guests has the potential to generate additional revenue from food and beverage services.

 

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The earliest efforts to understand the nature of the physical world around us began several thousand years ago. By the time of the ancient Greeks, over 2,000 years ago, these attempts at explanation had become both complex and sophisticated. They were characterized by the desire to find a single explanation which could be applied to all happenings in the physical world. For example, the description of the world that received most support supposed the existence of four primary chemical elements—earth, water, air and fire. This list may look odd to us but we should see it as something like the modern division of substances into solids, liquids, and gases. These four elements were considered to have particular places where they were naturally at rest. The earth, preferentially accumulated at, or below, the Earth’s surface; the water came next, lying on top of the Earth’s surface; air formed a layer of atmosphere above the surface; and, finally, a layer of fire surrounded the atmosphere. This layering of the elements was invoked to explain how things moved on Earth. A stone thrown into the air fell back to the Earth’s surface because that was its natural resting-place; flames leapt upwards in order to reach their natural home at the top of the atmosphere, and so on.

 

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Learning science through inquiry is a primary principle in education today. You might well ask, “instead of what?” Well, instead of learning science as a static or unchanging set of facts, ideas, and principles without any attention being paid to how these ideas and principles were developed. Obviously, we cannot expect our students to discover all of the current scientific models and concepts. We do, however, expect them to appreciate the processes through which the principles are attained and verified. We also want them to see that science includes more than just what occurs in a classroom; that the everyday happenings of their lives are connected to science. Exploring the implications of heat transfer, exploring magnet strength, and observing condensation are only some of the examples of everyday life connected to science as a way of thinking and as a way of constructing new understandings about our world.

 

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Movies are a particularly important vehicle for the transmission of cultural norms and understandings. As audience members we view movies in a relaxed mode, not fully appreciative of the ways that film narrative is structured to be consistent with the ideals, norms, and expectations of the surrounding culture. In this way, movies may be said to support the dominant culture and to serve as a means for its reproduction over time. But one may ask why audiences would find such movies enjoyable if all they do is give cultural directives and prescriptions for proper living. Most of us would likely grow tired of such didactic movies and would probably come to see them as propaganda, similar to the cultural artwork that was common in the Soviet Union and other autocratic societies. The simple answer to this question is that movies do more than present two-hour civics lessons or editorials on responsible behavior. They also tell stories that, in the end, we find satisfying. The bad guys are usually punished; the romantic couple almost always find each other despite the obstacles and difficulties they encounter on the path to true love; and the way we wish the world to be is how, in the movies, it more often than not winds up being. No doubt it is this utopian aspect of movies that accounts for why we enjoy them so much. The movies provide us with the happy endings and the just solutions that we cherish in our hearts, even as we understand in our heads that they are not always found in the real world. Movies, then, offer both the happy ending that we love and the more conservative support of the dominant culture that guides behavior in “the real world.”

 

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Many people who have type II diabetes are advised to control their blood sugar levels by following a healthy diet, taking exercise and losing weight. They are advised to eat foods that are low in saturated fat and salt but high in fiber and complex (slowly absorbed) carbohydrates, such as whole-grain cereals, beans, and lentils. These foods, especially if they are taken at regular intervals during the day, help to keep blood sugar levels steady. Foods that should be avoided include sugary snack foods and drinks, and food with a high level of saturated fat. These foods cause a rapid rise in blood sugar level that the diabetic person is unable to deal with. The fat content of food can be reduced by certain cooking methods. Grilling or steaming is preferable to frying because no fat is used or added to the food. If left untreated, type II diabetes can lead to long-term health problems such as kidney disease, high blood pressure, stroke and heart attack.

 

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The fault-tolerance characteristic refers to the capability of distributed systems to detect and recover from faults occurring in various layers of the systems. The faults can be of various types, occurring in hardware or software; their occurrences can be temporary or permanent. In distributed systems the failure of one machine can be tolerated, for example, if its functionality can be easily replaced by another redundant stand-by machine. A software system can be installed on multiple machines so that in the face of hardware faults or software failures, the faults or failures can be detected and tolerated by other machines. In order to validate fault-tolerance solutions for distributed systems a simulation model should at least incorporate the capability to simulate faults in various levels (applications, processing units, network links), to make use of various fault detection schemes or fault recovery procedures.

 

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According to the British empiricists, one important aspect of how the mind works involved the concept of association. The empiricists assumed that all ideas originated from sense experiences. If that is true, how do our experiences of various colors, shapes, odors, and sounds allow us to arrive at more complex ideas? Consider, for example, the concept of a car. If someone says the word car, you have an idea of what the thing looks like, what it is used for, and how you might feel if you sat in it. Where do all these ideas come from given just the sound of the letters c, a, and r? The British empiricists proposed that simple sensations were combined into more complex ideas by associations. Because you have heard the word car when you saw a car, considered using one to get to work, or sat in one, connections or associations became established between the word car and these other attributes of cars. Once the associations became established, the word car would activate memories of the other aspects of cars that you have experienced. The British empiricists considered such associations to be the building blocks of mental activity.

 

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If you feel intimidated by the web, then you might end up blaming your computer, the system you’re using, the people who run the service, or some unnameable outside entity when things go wrong. You can go a long way to reducing your anxiety by deciding that it’s ‘user incompetence’, not system error, that is the most likely explanation for your problems. When something ‘goes wrong’ or ‘doesn’t work’, go back and check for the mistake that you probably made: maybe you forgot to fill in an essential information field, perhaps you typed two different things when asked to confirm your password, conceivably you made a typo when entering your email address, or, you forgot to save. Realizing that the problem is probably with you, and not with the machine, is a stress-reduction technique that can really work.

 

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In the early 1960s, Aaron T. Beck, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, made an important discovery while using psychoanalysis to treat his depressed patients. Beck had asked his patients to report any thoughts that entered their mind during the therapy session. He discovered that his patients actually had two streams of thought, which occurred simultaneously. The first stream consisted of thoughts that people were highly aware of and that dealt with the task at hand, such as “I need to tell Dr. Beck about my bad week,” or “I think I should talk about my demanding mother.” Psychiatrists focused their interpretive skills on these highly conscious thoughts. But Beck discovered a second stream of thinking that was unintended, more automatic, and just barely noticeable to his patients. He labeled this type of thinking automatic thoughts. With some effort and training, Beck was able to teach his patients to refocus their attention on these automatic thoughts. What he discovered was that people with clinical depression were frequently having very negative automatic thoughts about themselves, their personal circumstances, and their future—thoughts that they hardly knew existed. So in the therapy sessions, as they were talking about their distressing weeks or difficult childhoods, they were also having automatic thoughts like “I don’t think I am doing this right,” “I’m probably the most hopeless case Dr. Beck has seen,” and “He probably thinks I’m such a complainer.” What Beck discovered in his depressed patients was a highly critical inner voice that was barely noticeable because it occurred at the level of a whisper, yet had a profound impact on directing the course of their depression.